Best Books on Orthodox Christianity – Understanding the Mystical and Ancient Roots

With best books on orthodox christianity at the forefront, this journey delves into the mystical dimensions of the religion, exploring its ancient roots, key concepts, and spiritual practices. As we navigate the complexities of orthodox christianity, we will uncover the distinctive features of eastern orthodox mysticism, the significance of icons in worship, and the importance of prayer and repentance. From the early beginnings to the present day, we will examine the history and the cultural context of the Eastern Orthodox Church, comparing and contrasting it with Roman Catholicism.

From the council of nicaea to the apostolic succession, we will delve into the theology, hierarchy, and sacraments of the Orthodox Church. We will also explore the role of monasticism and ascetic practices in monastic life, and the significance of chanting and singing in worship. With each chapter, we will draw closer to understanding the essence of Orthodox Christianity, its significance in contemporary Western society, and the lives of saints who embodied its mystical devotion.

Unveiling the Mystical Dimensions of Orthodox Christianity: Best Books On Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity, one of the oldest Christian traditions, has a rich mystical heritage that sets it apart from other Christian denominations. The Eastern Orthodox Church has been a bastion of spirituality and contemplation for centuries, with a focus on the inner life and the pursuit of union with God. In this article, we’ll delve into the mystical dimensions of Orthodox Christianity, exploring its distinctive features, the role of human experience, and examples of mystical practices.

Mystical Practices in Ancient Eastern Christian Traditions

The Orthodox Church has a long tradition of mystical practices that have been passed down through the centuries. Some of the most notable practices include:

• Journeying to the Heart: This practice involves the use of the Heart Scales of St. Seraphim of Sarov to guide the individual to the depths of their heart, where they can experience the presence of God.
• Prayer of the Heart: This is a meditative prayer practice that involves the use of the Jesus Prayer, “Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on me,” to cultivate a sense of peace and inner stillness.
• Contemplation of the Mysteries: This involves contemplation of the mysteries of the Faith, such as the Incarnation, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection, to deepen one’s understanding of God’s love and mercy.
• Silence and Solitude: The practice of silence and solitude, known as hesychasm, is a key component of Orthodox mysticism. It involves spending time alone in silence, contemplation, and prayer to cultivate a deeper sense of inner stillness and connection to God.

These practices are not just mere rituals, but are meant to be a transformative way of life that can lead to theosis, or union with God.

Distinctive Features of Eastern Orthodox Mysticism

Orthodox mysticism has several distinctive features that set it apart from Western Christian mysticism. Perhaps most notable is the emphasis on the importance of tradition and the veneration of the saints. In the Orthodox Church, the saints are seen as models of the spiritual life, and their lives and teachings are studied extensively to learn from their experiences.Another key feature of Orthodox mysticism is the emphasis on the use of physical disciplines to achieve spiritual goals.

While the practices mentioned earlier may seem unusual to Western eyes, they are rooted in the Orthodox tradition and are seen as essential to achieving spiritual growth.

The Role of Human Experience in Orthodox Mysticism

In Orthodox mysticism, human experience plays a crucial role in the spiritual life. The Orthodox Church emphasizes the importance of experiencing God in the present moment, rather than relying solely on intellectual understanding or dogmatic formulations.This emphasis on human experience is closely tied to the concept of theosis, or union with God. The Orthodox Church teaches that the ultimate goal of the human life is to become one with God, and that this can be achieved through the practice of virtues, the cultivation of inner stillness, and the experience of God’s love and mercy.

An Example of an Orthodox Saint who Embodyd Mystical Devotion

One of the most famous examples of an Orthodox saint who exemplified mystical devotion is St. Seraphim of Sarov. St. Seraphim was a 19th-century Russian hermit who lived a life of intense prayer and contemplation.During his long life, St. Seraphim was known for his incredible wisdom and spiritual insight, and he was often sought out by people from all walks of life who came to him seeking guidance and solace.

He was also known for his kindness and compassion, and his love of nature and the Created world.St. Seraphim’s life is a testament to the power of Orthodox mysticism, and his teachings continue to inspire and guide people to this day.

“The goal of all spiritual life is the attainment of the state of the heart, which is a state of love and peace, and which is the fruit of the Holy Spirit.”St. Seraphim of Sarov

Exploring the Ancient Roots of Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity is one of the oldest branches of Christianity, with its roots dating back to the early Christian era in the Eastern Mediterranean. This history is rich in significant events, cultural influences, and theological developments that have shaped the Orthodox Church into what it is today.

The Early Christian Era in the Eastern Mediterranean

The early Christian era in the Eastern Mediterranean was characterized by a diverse cultural and social context. This region, which includes modern-day Turkey, Greece, and parts of the Middle East, was home to various ethnic groups, languages, and traditions. The early Christians in this region were shaped by their interactions with these cultures and were influenced by the Jewish tradition, which they inherited from their Hebrew ancestors.

This cultural and social context played a significant role in shaping the practices and theologies of the early Christian community.

The early Christian community in the Eastern Mediterranean was also heavily influenced by the Hellenistic culture, which was prevalent in the region during this time. The Hellenistic culture had a significant impact on the early Christian community, as many Christians were Hellenized Jews who adopted Greek language and philosophy. This cultural fusion had a profound impact on the development of early Christian theology and practices, which continue to influence Orthodox Christianity today.

The Council of Nicaea

The Council of Nicaea, held in 325 CE, was a significant event in the history of Orthodox Christianity. This council, convened by Emperor Constantine, was an attempt to address the theological conflicts that had arisen within the Christian community. The council’s most significant contribution was the adoption of the Nicene Creed, which affirmed the divinity of Jesus Christ and established the Trinity as a central doctrine of Christian theology.

The Council of Nicaea’s impact on Orthodox theology was profound, as it shaped the understanding of God’s nature and the relationship between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

• The Nicene Creed, which was adopted at the Council of Nicaea, has remained a cornerstone of Orthodox theology and continues to shape the Church’s understanding of God’s nature.
• The Council of Nicaea’s decision to affirm the divinity of Jesus Christ had a significant impact on the development of Orthodox Christology, emphasizing Christ’s coequality with God the Father.

Cultural and Social Context of Early Christianity

The cultural and social context of early Christianity in the Eastern Mediterranean played a significant role in shaping the practices and theologies of the early Christian community. This context was characterized by a diverse set of ethnic groups, languages, and traditions, which influenced the early Christians in various ways. Understanding this cultural and social context is essential to grasping the development of early Christian theology and practices, which continue to shape Orthodox Christianity today.

The early Christian community in the Eastern Mediterranean was shaped by their interactions with the Hellenistic culture, which had a profound impact on the development of early Christian theology and practices.

Easter Orthodox and Roman Catholic Theologies

The early development of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic theologies differed in several significant ways. The Eastern Orthodox tradition emphasized the importance of tradition and the continuity of the early Christian community, while the Roman Catholic tradition emphasized the authority of the Pope and the hierarchical structure of the Church. This divergence in theology had significant implications for the development of the two traditions, shaping their respective understanding of God’s nature, the sacraments, and the role of the Church in society.

Feature	Eastern Orthodox	Roman Catholic
Emphasis on tradition	Strong emphasis on tradition and continuity with the early Christian community	Less emphasis on tradition and more on the authority of the Pope
View of the Church	The Church is the body of Christ, with the bishop as the local representative of Christ	The Church is the hierarchical organization of priests and bishops, with the Pope as the supreme authority

Understanding the Key Concepts of Orthodoxy

In the realm of Orthodox Christianity, there are several fundamental concepts that form the bedrock of its theological and spiritual framework. This overview aims to delve into the intricacies of these concepts, exploring their significance and implications for the believer’s life.

The Concept of Theosis

Theosis, a central tenet of Orthodox Christianity, encapsulates the idea of human deification. This concept posits that man was created in the likeness of God and, through the transformative power of Christ, can attain likeness with Him. Theosis is not simply a matter of moral improvement or ascetic practices; it’s a fundamental reorientation of one’s very being, allowing the believer to partake in the divine nature of God.Orthodox theologians, such as St.

Athanasius and St. Gregory Palamas, have extensively elaborated on the concept of theosis, highlighting its ontological and soteriological dimensions. According to them, theosis involves the believer’s participation in the divine energies, which are considered to be the uncreated energies emanating from God’s own being. This participation enables the believer to experience a profound sense of unity and communion with God, leading to a radical transformation of one’s existence.

Theosis is the ultimate goal of human existence, where man attains a state of communion with God, becoming “partakers of the divine nature” (2 Peter 1:4).

The Importance of Sacraments in Orthodox Worship

Sacraments play a pivotal role in Orthodox worship, serving as tangible manifestations of God’s presence and grace in the lives of the faithful. These rituals, grounded in Scripture and tradition, provide a means for believers to encounter and experience the divine directly. By participating in the sacraments, the Orthodox believer is reminded of their essential relationship with God, cultivating a profound sense of gratitude, humility, and awe.Some unique Orthodox sacraments include:

• Baptism:
  In the Orthodox tradition, baptism is seen as an initiatory sacrament, where the believer is reborn through water and the Holy Spirit. Baptism is not merely a ceremony but a transformative experience that marks the beginning of a person’s spiritual journey.
• Crowning:
  This sacrament, typically performed on the eve of marriage, consists of the crowning of the couple with a wreath, symbolizing their union as a sacred bond. The crowning is a celebration of the couple’s commitment to one another and to their faith.
• Holy Unction:
  Administered to the sick, dying, or bereaved, Holy Unction is a sacrament of healing and comfort. It involves the anointing of the body with holy oil, accompanied by prayers and liturgical hymns, aiming to alleviate physical suffering and bring spiritual solace.

The Significance of Icons in Orthodox Christianity

Icons in Orthodoxy serve as windows to the spiritual realm, facilitating communion with the divine and the saints. These images, often intricately painted and revered, are not merely decorative or artistic expressions but actual means of venerating and honoring the subjects depicted. By venerating icons, the Orthodox believer seeks to establish a direct connection with the heavenly realm, seeking guidance, inspiration, and spiritual sustenance.In Orthodox worship, icons are often displayed in a prominent position, inviting believers to gaze upon and venerate them.

This practice is rooted in the belief that the icons are not mere representations but actual vehicles of the divine presence. Through the icons, the faithful can access the prayers, wisdom, and love of the saints, deepening their spiritual lives and cultivating a profound sense of communion with the divine.

Distinguishing Aspects of Orthodox Spirituality

Orthodox spirituality stands out from Western spirituality in several distinctive ways:

1. Triadic Nature of God: In Orthodox theology, the Trinity is not merely a theological concept but an integral aspect of spiritual experience. Believers are encouraged to cultivate a deep sense of relationship with the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, embracing the complexities and mysteries of the divine nature.
2. Affective Experience: Orthodox spirituality emphasizes the importance of emotional and affective experiences in the spiritual journey. The believer is encouraged to cultivate feelings of love, compassion, and awe, acknowledging the profound impact of emotions on one’s relationship with God.
3. Ascetic Practice: Asceticism, in the Orthodox tradition, is not simply a matter of discipline or self denial but a means of cultivating self-awareness, humility, and love. Through rigorous practices like fasting, prayer, and charity, the believer seeks to empty themselves of ego, pride, and attachments, creating space for the divine to dwell within them.

By embracing these unique aspects of Orthodox spirituality, the believer can experience a profound transformation, deepening their relationship with God and cultivating a life of genuine holiness.

Fostering a Life of Prayer and Spirituality

In the Orthodox Christian tradition, prayer is not just a personal devotional practice, but a deeply communal and liturgical one. It is woven into the fabric of daily life, and is considered essential for spiritual growth and transformation. The daily prayer routine of an Orthodox Christian is a rich and multifaceted one, encompassing various forms of prayer, worship, and devotion.

Using Prayer Rules

Prayer rules, also known as “hours” or “canons,” are a set of prayers and hymns that are recited at specific times of day. These rules are based on the Psalter, the prayers and hymns of the Church Fathers, and the liturgical cycle. Orthodox Christians typically follow a daily prayer rule that includes psalms, readings, and prayers, as well as the Jesus Prayer, a short prayer said repeatedly throughout the day.The most commonly used prayer rule is the “Hours” or “Divine Liturgy,” which includes the following prayers and hymns:* Matins: Prayers and hymns said in the morning, typically between 3am and 6am

Vespers

Prayers and hymns said in the evening, typically between 3pm and 6pm

Compline

Prayers said before bed, typically between 9pm and 11pm

The Jesus Prayer

A short prayer said repeatedly throughout the day, often with the breath

Liturgical Worship

Liturgical worship is a central aspect of Orthodox Christian spirituality. The Divine Liturgy is the primary form of worship, and typically takes place on Sundays and major feast days. The Liturgy includes prayers, hymns, and sacraments, and is often accompanied by processions, incense, and vestments.The Liturgy consists of several distinct parts, including:* The Preparation: The priest prepares the altar and vestments

The Introit

The priest and altar boys enter the sanctuary, accompanied by the chant of the Introit

The Entrance

The priest blesses the church and the faithful, and leads the procession to the altar

The Liturgy of the Word

The reading of the Gospels, Epistles, and other scriptures

The Liturgy of the Eucharist

The consecration of the bread and wine, and the distribution of Holy Communion

The Dismissal

The conclusion of the Liturgy, often accompanied by a blessing and a dismissal

Private Prayer, Best books on orthodox christianity

Private prayer is an essential aspect of Orthodox Christian spirituality. It involves personal devotions, including prayer, reading, and contemplation. Orthodox Christians often use prayer beads, such as the “Jesus Prayer beads” or “Proskomide” to aid in their private prayer.

The Importance of Fasting

Fasting is a significant aspect of Orthodox Christian spirituality. It is used to cultivate spiritual discipline, self-control, and repentance. There are several types of fasting, including:* The Great Fast: A 40-day period of fasting, typically preceding Easter

The Apostles’ Fast

A 6-week period of fasting, typically preceding the Apostles’ Day

The Nativity Fast

A 40-day period of fasting, typically preceding Christmas

The Lenten Fast

A period of fasting and repentance, typically preceding Holy WeekFasting involves abstaining from certain foods and drinks, such as meat, dairy products, and wine. It is often accompanied by increased prayer and devotional practice.

The Role of the Jesus Prayer

The Jesus Prayer is a short prayer that is repeated throughout the day. It is often used to cultivate spiritual growth, humility, and devotion. The Prayer consists of:* “Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on me”

• “Lord, have mercy”
• “Holy Mary, pray for me”

The Jesus Prayer is often recited with the breath, and can be used as a focal point for prayer and contemplation.

Prayer Services

Prayer services are an essential part of Orthodox Christian worship. They involve the recitation of prayers, hymns, and scriptures, and often include the participation of the clergy and laity.The most common prayer services are:* Vespers: A evening prayer service, often said at 3pm or 6pm

Matins

A morning prayer service, often said at 3am or 6am

Compline

A prayer service said before bed, often at 9pm or 11pm

the Divine Liturgy

A Eucharistic prayer service, often said on Sundays and major feast days.A typical prayer service might include:

Time	Service	Description
3am	Matins	Pray and sing hymns, often accompanied by incense and candles.
3pm	Vespers	Pray and read scriptures, often accompanied by hymns and incense.
9pm	Compline	Prayed prayers of thanksgiving and peace.

Prayer in the Home

Prayer in the home is an important aspect of Orthodox Christian practice. Many Orthodox Christians have a prayer corner or an icon corner in their home, where they can pray and read scriptures. Some also use prayer beads or prayer beads to aid in their private prayer.

Prayer and Devotion

Prayer and devotion are deeply connected in Orthodox Christian spirituality. Prayer is seen as a means of cultivating spiritual growth, humility, and devotion. Devotion is seen as a means of deepening one’s relationship with God, and of being transformed by His love.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the daily prayer routine of an Orthodox Christian is a rich and multifaceted one, encompassing various forms of prayer, worship, and devotion. Prayer is an essential aspect of Orthodox Christian spirituality, and is seen as a means of cultivating spiritual growth, humility, and devotion.

“Prayer is the raising of the heart and the mind to God.”

When exploring the rich world of Orthodox Christianity, some of the best books to immerse yourself in include “The Orthodox Church” and “The Jesus Prayer”. As you delve deeper into the faith, you’ll appreciate the symbolism of planting poppies, which thrive in well-drained soil in the early spring, just like a believer’s faith thrives on the teachings of the Church – check out the best time to plant poppies for more insights.

Whether it’s the vibrant colors or the spiritual connections, there’s no denying the beauty of this ancient tradition.

Saint John Climacus

Exploring the Role of Church Hierarchy in Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church has a unique structure and organization that has remained relatively unchanged for centuries. At the heart of this hierarchy are the bishops, priests, and deacons, each playing a vital role in maintaining the spiritual and administrative functions of the church. In this section, we will delve into the significance of apostolic succession, the process of ordination, and the responsibilities of the clergy in the Orthodox Church.

The Significance of Apostolic Succession

Apostolic succession is a core doctrine in Orthodoxy, emphasizing the unbroken transmission of spiritual authority from the apostles to the present day. This tradition ensures that the Orthodox clergy are legitimate bearers of the faith, tracing their ordination back to the earliest times. The significance of apostolic succession lies in its affirmation of the validity of Orthodox sacraments and doctrine.

As the Catechism of the Orthodox Church states, “The apostolic succession is the uninterrupted succession of bishops from the apostles, and it is a sign of the Church’s unity and continuity with the past.” The sacraments of baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, confession, and ordination are conferred by bishops and priests who are part of this unbroken chain of succession.

The Process of Ordination in the Orthodox Church

The process of ordination in the Orthodox Church is a complex and nuanced one, deeply rooted in monasticism and apostolic succession. According to Orthodox tradition, ordination begins with the tonsure of the candidate, followed by a period of spiritual preparation and training in the monastery. The candidate then undergoes a series of examinations and interviews with the bishop, after which they are tonsured as a reader or subdeacon.

Further ordinations follow, leading to the eventual ordination as a deacon, priest, or bishop. This process is often accompanied by periods of seclusion, fasting, and prayer, as the candidate prepares themselves for the responsibilities of their new role.

Key Responsibilities of an Orthodox Bishop

The role of the bishop in the Orthodox Church is multifaceted and carries significant responsibilities. According to canon law and tradition, a bishop’s primary duties include:

• Presiding over the local church: The bishop serves as the spiritual leader of the diocese, guiding the clergy and laity in their faith and service. They preside over the Liturgy, consecrate churches, and ordain new clergy.
• Teaching and instructing the faithful: The bishop is responsible for teaching and guiding the faithful in their understanding of Orthodox doctrine and practice. They often give sermons, issue decrees, and provide counsel to the clergy and laity.
• Maintaining church discipline: The bishop enforces the canons and disciplines of the Church, ensuring that the clergy and laity adhere to the teachings and practices of the Orthodox tradition.

In maintaining church discipline, the bishop plays a crucial role in upholding the unity and purity of the Church. They work closely with the clergy and laity to resolve disputes, correct abuses, and promote spiritual growth within the diocese.

The Relationship Between Bishops, Priests, and Deacons

In the Orthodox Church, the roles of bishops, priests, and deacons are interconnected and interdependent. The bishop serves as the spiritual leader of the diocese, while priests and deacons assist them in their ministry. Priests, in turn, serve as spiritual guides and confessors for the laity, while deacons assist them in the Liturgy and other ministerial tasks. This hierarchical structure allows for a seamless transmission of spiritual authority and service, ensuring the continued vitality and integrity of the Church.

Emphasizing the Importance of Monasticism in Orthodoxy

Monasticism has been an integral part of Orthodox Christianity since its inception, embodying the apostolic traditions of self-denial, asceticism, and devotion to prayer and service. In the early Christian Church, monastic communities emerged as a response to the desire for a deeper, more intense spiritual life, free from the distractions of worldly pursuits. This tradition continues to thrive in the modern era, with monasteries serving as beacons of spiritual growth, prayer, and community.

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A deeper understanding of Orthodox Christianity demands a comprehensive approach.

Within the Orthodox tradition, monasticism is deeply rooted in the principles of the Desert Fathers and Mothers, early Christian ascetics who sought to live in solitude, devoting themselves to prayer, fasting, and contemplation. The monastic way of life is seen as a means of achieving spiritual perfection, with the ultimate goal of union with God. Monasteries provide a supportive environment for monks and nuns to embark on this journey, offering a structured routine of prayer, work, and spiritual guidance.

Examples of Famous Orthodox Monasteries

Throughout the centuries, Orthodox monasteries have been established in various parts of the world, each with its unique history and significance. Here are three examples of famous Orthodox monasteries:

• The Monastery of Vatopedi, Mount Athos, Greece: Founded in the 10th century, Vatopedi is one of the oldest and most revered monasteries on Mount Athos. This monastery is known for its stunning architecture, beautiful frescoes, and extensive library containing rare manuscripts.
• The Monastery of the Holy Spirit, Moscow, Russia: Established in the 16th century, this monastery is one of the most important centers of Orthodox spirituality in Russia. The monastery is home to the relics of St. Sergius of Radonezh, one of Russia’s most beloved saints.
• The Monastery of Simonopetra, Mount Athos, Greece: Dating back to the 16th century, Simonopetra is a renowned monastery on Mount Athos, famous for its breathtaking architecture and stunning views of the surrounding landscape.

The Importance of Ascetic Practices in Monastic Life

Ascetic practices, such as fasting, prayer, and physical labor, play a vital role in the monastic way of life. These practices are seen as a means of purifying the soul and cultivating a deeper interior life. By engaging in ascetic practices, monks and nuns aim to detach themselves from worldly attachments and focus on their spiritual growth.

Ascetic practices are not seen as an end in themselves, but rather as a means to an end. Through these practices, monastics seek to acquire virtues such as humility, obedience, and self-control, which are essential for spiritual growth. By living a life of asceticism, monastics can experience a deeper sense of peace, joy, and union with God.

The Daily Routine of an Orthodox Monk or Nun

The daily routine of an Orthodox monk or nun is characterized by a balance of prayer, work, and rest. The specific details of the daily routine may vary depending on the individual monastery, but here is a general overview of what a typical day might look like:

• 6:00 AM – Vigils: Monastics attend a nighttime service, known as vigils, which involves chanting, psalmody, and prayer.
• 7:00 AM – Morning Prayers: After vigils, monastics attend morning prayers, which consist of chanting, psalmody, and private prayer.
• 8:00 AM – Breakfast: Monastics enjoy a simple breakfast, often consisting of bread, cheese, and vegetables.
• 9:00 AM – Work: Monastics engage in various forms of work, such as gardening, cooking, or manual labor.
• 12:00 PM – Lunch: Monastics take a break for lunch, which often consists of simple, wholesome food.
• 1:00 PM – Rest: Monastics take a period of rest, often spent in private prayer or contemplation.
• 3:00 PM – Vespers: Monastics attend the afternoon service, known as vespers, which involves chanting, psalmody, and prayer.
• 5:00 PM – Supper: Monastics enjoy a simple supper, often consisting of bread, cheese, and vegetables.
• 6:00 PM – Compline: Monastics attend the evening service, known as compline, which involves chanting, psalmody, and prayer.
• 9:00 PM – Private Prayer: Monastics spend time in private prayer, reading, or contemplation.

It’s worth noting that the daily routine of an Orthodox monk or nun is not just about following rules or regulations, but rather about cultivating a deep sense of love, compassion, and reverence for God and all creation.

The goal of the monastic way of life is not to become a robot, following a set of rules and regulations, but rather to become a living, breathing image of God, radiating love, joy, and peace to all those around us.

Outcome Summary

As we conclude our journey through the best books on orthodox christianity, we are left with a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of Orthodox spirituality. From the mysticism of the early fathers to the liturgical worship of the present day, we have uncovered the threads that weave together the tapestry of Orthodox Christianity. May this journey inspire you to delve deeper into the mystical dimensions of the faith, and may you find solace in the wisdom of the saints and the beauty of the icons.

Essential FAQs

What is the significance of icons in Orthodox Christianity?

Icons play a crucial role in Orthodox worship, serving as a visual representation of the divine. They are believed to hold spiritual power and are used in rituals and services to connect with God.

How does the Orthodox Church view the role of women in the Church?

The Orthodox Church affirms the importance of women in the Church, emphasizing their role in spirituality and worship. Women are recognized as having a unique contribution to make in the life of the Church, especially in prayer and service.

Can a non-Orthodox Christian participate in the Eucharist in an Orthodox Church?

Generally, non-Orthodox Christians are not encouraged to participate in the Eucharist in an Orthodox Church, as the Orthodox Church views the Eucharist as a sacrament that requires a certain level of spiritual preparation and communion with the Church.